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HelpTest ID: HTGR Thyroglobulin, Tumor Marker Reflex, Serum
Reporting Name
Thyroglobulin Reflex to MS or IAUseful For
Reporting of accurate thyroglobulin results, depending on the antithyroglobulin antibodies status of the patient
Accurate measurement of serum thyroglobulin in patients with known or suspected antithyroglobulin autoantibodies or possible heterophile antibodies
Clinical Information
Thyroglobulin (Tg) is a thyroid-specific glycoprotein (approximately 660 kDa) that serves as the source for thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) production within the lumen of thyroid follicles. For T4 and T3 release, Tg is reabsorbed into thyrocytes and proteolytically degraded, liberating T4 and T3 for secretion.
Small amounts of intact Tg are secreted alongside T4 and T3 and are detectable in the serum of healthy individuals with levels roughly paralleling thyroid size (0.5-1.0 ng/mL Tg per gram thyroid tissue, depending on thyrotropin [TSH] level). In situations of disordered thyroid growth (eg, goiter), increased thyroid activity (eg, Graves disease), or glandular destruction (eg, thyroiditis), larger amounts of Tg may be released into the circulation.
Clinically, the main use of serum Tg measurements is in the follow-up of differentiated follicular cell-derived thyroid carcinoma. Because Tg is thyroid-specific, serum Tg concentrations should be undetectable or very low after the thyroid gland is removed during treatment for thyroid cancer.
Current clinical guidelines consider a serum Tg concentration above 1 ng/mL in an athyrotic individual as suspicious of possible residual or recurrent disease. To improve diagnostic accuracy, it is recommended this measurement be initially obtained after TSH stimulation, either following thyroid hormone withdrawal or after injection of recombinant human TSH. Most patients will have a relatively low risk of recurrence and thereafter will only require unstimulated Tg measurement.
If unstimulated (on thyroxine) serum Tg measurements are less than 0.1 to 0.2 ng/mL, the risk of disease is below 1%. Patients with higher Tg levels, who have no demonstrable remnant of thyroid tissue, might require additional testing, such as additional stimulated Tg measurements, neck ultrasound, or isotope imaging. A stimulated Tg above 2 ng/mL is considered suspicious.
The presence of anti-thyroglobulin autoantibodies (TgAb), which occur in 15% to 30% of patients with thyroid cancer, could lead to misleading Tg results. In immunometric assays, the presence of TgAb can lead to falsely low measurement, whereas it might lead to falsely high results in competitive assays.
Traditionally, there have been no reliable means to obtain accurate Tg measurements in patients with TgAb. However, recently, trypsin digestion of serum proteins, which cuts both antibodies and Tg into predictable fragments, has allowed accurate quantification of Tg in samples with antibody interferences through measurement of Tg-specific tryptic peptides by mass spectrometry.
Interpretation
Current guidelines recommend measurement of thyroglobulin (Tg) using a sensitive immunoassay (limit of quantification less than 1 ng/mL); for measurements of unstimulated Tg, the detection limit should be in the 0.1 to 0.2 ng/mL range.
In all cases, serum anti-thyroglobulin autoantibodies (TgAb) should also be measured, preferably with a method that allows detection of low concentrations of TgAb. If TgAb are detected, the laboratory report should alert the ordering provider to the possibility of falsely low Tg results. If the apparent Tg concentration is below 1.0 ng/mL, the sample should be remeasured by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). This will allow confident detection of Tg in the presence of TgAb down to 0.2 ng/mL (risk of residual/recurrent disease <1%-3%).
Samples from patients with Tg concentrations above 1.0 ng/mL might not require Tg measurement by mass spectrometry because current guidelines suggest further work-up may be necessary above this threshold. However, the positive predictive value for residual/recurrent disease is modest when Tg is just above this threshold (3%-25%) in athyrotic patients. Above 10 ng/mL, the risk of residual/recurrent disease is at least 25%, with many studies showing 60% to above 90% risks. In selected patients, it might also be useful to test TgAb positive samples by mass spectrometry, even if the Tg concentration is above 1.0 ng/mL but has not yet passed the 10 ng/mL threshold. These considerations are even more relevant in patients with a known thyroid remnant of a few grams, who may always have serum Tg concentrations of 1.0 to 10 ng/mL, owing to remnant Tg secretion, regardless of the presence or absence of residual/recurrent cancer.
It has been determined that the presence of TgAb in serum can lead to underestimation of Tg concentration by immunometric methods. When TgAb are present in samples with detectable Tg, the Tg values may be underestimated by up to 60% in immunoassays. In addition, some specimens containing TgAb, which are negative for Tg by immunoassay, tested positive by LC-MS/MS. Therefore, measuring of Tg by LC-MS/MS is the preferred method in TgAb positive patients. The listed decision levels are for thyroid cancer follow-up of athyrotic patients and apply to unstimulated and stimulated thyroglobulin measurements. Decision levels are based on best practice guidelines and the literature, which includes Mayo Clinic studies.
Decision levels have not been established but are likely to be somewhat higher for thyroid cancer patients who are not completely athyrotic (ie, patient has some remnant normal thyroid tissue); remnant normal thyroid tissue contributes to serum Tg concentrations 0.2 to 1.0 ng/mL per gram of remnant tissue, depending on the thyrotropin (TSH) level.
Thyroglobulin by Mass Spectrometry:
Tg <0.2 ng/mL: Tg levels must be interpreted in the context of TSH levels, serial Tg measurements, and radioiodine ablation status. Undetectable Tg levels in athyrotic individuals on suppression therapy indicate a minimal risk (<1%-2%) of clinically detectable recurrent papillary/follicular thyroid cancer.
Tg ≥0.2 ng/mL to 2.0 ng/mL: Tg levels must be interpreted in the context of TSH levels, serial Tg measurements, and radioiodine ablation status. Tg levels of 0.2-2.0 ng/mL in athyrotic individuals on suppressive therapy indicate a low risk of clinically detectable recurrent papillary/follicular thyroid cancer.
Tg 2.1 ng/mL to 9.9 ng/mL: Tg levels must be interpreted in the context of TSH levels, serial Tg measurements, and radioiodine ablation status. Tg levels of 2.1-9.9 ng/mL in athyrotic individuals on suppression therapy indicate an increased risk of clinically detectable recurrent papillary/follicular thyroid cancer.
Tg ≥10 ng/mL: Tg levels must be interpreted in the context of TSH levels, serial Tg measurements, and radioiodine ablation status. Tg levels of 10 ng/mL or above in athyrotic individuals on suppressive therapy indicate a significant (>25%) risk of clinically detectable recurrent papillary/follicular thyroid cancer.
Thyroglobulin by Immunoassay:
Tg <0.1 ng/mL: Tg levels must be interpreted in the context of TSH levels, serial Tg measurements, and radioiodine ablation status. Tg levels below 0.1 ng/mL in athyrotic individuals on suppressive therapy indicate a minimal risk (<1%-2%) of clinically detectable recurrent papillary/follicular thyroid cancer.
Tg ≥0.1 to 2.0 ng/mL: Tg levels must be interpreted in the context of TSH levels, serial Tg measurements, and radioiodine ablation status. Tg levels 0.1 to 2.0 ng/mL in athyrotic individuals on suppressive therapy indicate a low risk of clinically detectable recurrent papillary/follicular thyroid cancer.
Tg 2.1 ng/mL to 9.9 ng/mL: Tg levels must be interpreted in the context of TSH levels, serial Tg measurements, and radioiodine ablation status. Tg levels 2.1 to 9.9 ng/mL in athyrotic individuals on suppressive therapy indicate an increased risk of clinically detectable recurrent papillary/follicular thyroid cancer.
Tg ≥10 ng/mL: Tg levels must be interpreted in the context of TSH levels, serial Tg measurements, and radioiodine ablation status. Tg levels 10 ng/mL or above in athyrotic individuals on suppressive therapy indicate a significant risk (>25%) of clinically detectable recurrent papillary/follicular thyroid cancer.
Testing Algorithm
This test begins with the analysis of thyroglobulin antibody by immunoassay. If the thyroglobulin antibody result is negative (<1.8 IU/mL), then thyroglobulin testing will be performed by immunoassay.
If the thyroglobulin antibody result is positive (≥1.8 IU/mL), then thyroglobulin testing will be performed by mass spectrometry.
Reflex Tests
| Test ID | Reporting Name | Available Separately | Always Performed |
|---|---|---|---|
| HTGT | Thyroglobulin, Tumor Marker, IA, S | No | No |
| TGMS | Thyroglobulin, Mass Spec., S | Yes | No |
Report Available
1 to 6 daysDay(s) Performed
Monday through Friday
Clinical Reference
1. Grebe SKG. Diagnosis and management of thyroid carcinoma: A focus on serum thyroglobulin. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab. 2009;4(1):25-43. doi:10.1586/17446651.4.1.25
2. American Thyroid Association (ATA) Guidelines Taskforce on Thyroid Nodules and Differentiated Thyroid Cancer; Cooper DS, Doherty GM, Haugen BR, et al. Revised American Thyroid Association management guidelines for patients with thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer. Thyroid. 2009;19(11):1167-1214. doi:10.1089/thy.2009.0110
3. Pacini F, Catagana MG, Brilli L, Pentheroudakis G; on behalf of the ESMO Guidelines Working Group: Thyroid cancer: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2010;21 Suppl 5:v214-9. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdq190
4. National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) guidelines for treatment of cancer by site: version 4.2024: Thyroid Carcinoma. Accessed October 3, 2024. Available at www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/default.aspx#site
5. Tuttle RM. Differentiated thyroid cancer: Role of serum thyroglobulin. In: Cooper DS, Ross DS, Mulder JE, eds. Updated June 27, 2023. Accessed October 3, 2024. Available at: www.uptodate.com/contents/differentiated-thyroid-cancer-role-of-serum-thyroglobulin
Method Name
Immunoenzymatic Assay
Specimen Type
Serum RedSpecimen Required
Patient Preparation: For 12 hours before specimen collection, patient should not take multivitamins or dietary supplements (eg, hair, skin, and nail supplements) containing biotin (vitamin B7).
Collection Container/Tube: Red top (serum gel/SST are not acceptable)
Submission Container/Tube: Plastic vial
Specimen Volume: 2 mL
Collection Instructions: Centrifuge and aliquot serum into a plastic vial.
Specimen Minimum Volume
1.25 mL
Specimen Stability Information
| Specimen Type | Temperature | Time | Special Container |
|---|---|---|---|
| Serum Red | Refrigerated (preferred) | 7 days | |
| Frozen | 30 days | ||
| Ambient | 72 hours |
Reference Values
Thyroglobulin Antibody: <1.8 IU/mL
THYROGLOBULIN, TUMOR MARKER
Athyrotic: <0.1 ng/mL
Intact thyroid: ≤33 ng/mL
Test Classification
This test has been cleared, approved, or is exempt by the US Food and Drug Administration and is used per manufacturer's instructions. Performance characteristics were verified by Mayo Clinic in a manner consistent with CLIA requirements.CPT Code Information
86800
84432 (if appropriate)
LOINC Code Information
| Test ID | Test Order Name | Order LOINC Value |
|---|---|---|
| HTGR | Thyroglobulin Reflex to MS or IA | 56536-6 |
| Result ID | Test Result Name | Result LOINC Value |
|---|---|---|
| TGABR | Thyroglobulin Antibody, S | 56536-6 |
Forms
If not ordering electronically, complete, print, and send an Oncology Test Request (T729) with the specimen.
mml-endo-thyroid