Clinical Information

Creatine kinase (CK) activity is found in the cytoplasm of several human tissues; major sources of CK include skeletal muscle, myocardium, and the brain. Cytoplasmic CK isoenzymes are dimers of the subunits M and B (MM, MB, or BB). Brain tissue contains predominantly CK-BB (CK1). Skeletal muscle contains almost exclusively CK-MM (CK3). The myocardium contains approximately 30% of CK-MB (CK2), which has been called the "heart-specific" isoenzyme. CK-MB is increased in acute myocardial infarction (AMI); however, CK-MB has been replaced by troponin as the preferred biomarker for the diagnosis of AMI.

Mitochondrial CK, located at the outer surface of the inner mitochondrial membrane, has been suggested to catalyze the rate-limiting step of energy transfer from mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate (ATP) with the formation of creatine phosphatase (CP). The CP molecule, which is smaller in size than ATP, diffuses to target organelles in the cytoplasm where its energy is transferred to ATP by cytoplasmic CK. CK activity results in nonaerobic production of ATP in muscle tissues during work.

Macro CK refers to at least 2 forms of CK. Macro CK type I is an antibody-bound form of cytoplasmic CK. It migrates between CK-MM and CK-MB. Macro CK type II (mitochondrial CK) migrates slightly cathodic of CK-MM. Detection of macro forms of CK is the primary reason for electrophoresis of CK activity.